The impact of electronic cigarettes on oral health: a literature review

Abstract

Introduction: Electronic smoking devices work by heating and vaporizing a liquid solution that is inhaled by users. The main constituents of this liquid are propylene glycol, glycerol, flavoring agents, and nicotine. Since their introduction to the market, electronic cigarettes have gained popularity, particularly among young people. However, their success raises concerns about potential health risks. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a narrative literature review and highlight oral health changes associated with electronic cigarette use. Methodology: A bibliographic search was conducted in the PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and Google Scholar databases using controlled vocabulary terms (MeSH) “Electronic Cigarette,” “Mouth Neoplasm,” “Oral Health,” and “Lung Neoplasm,” as well as Health Sciences descriptors (DeCs) “Neoplasias Bucais,” “Cigarros Eletrônicos,” “Saúde Bucal,” and “Saúde Oral” in March 2024. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles were selected. Results and Discussion: It was found that electronic cigarettes contain toxic substances that, in addition to causing conditions such as xerostomia and nicotine stomatitis, may negatively affect microbiota and oral keratinocytes. Users are more prone to developing periodontal diseases, carious lesions, and possibly potentially malignant disorders. Conclusion: Dentists are essential professionals in the health education process, responsible for clarifying the possible harms to the oral cavity and discouraging the use of electronic cigarettes. Long-term research and public policies are also crucial elements in spreading information and raising social awareness.