Superficial Oral Mucoceles associated with radiotherapy in the head and neck Region: a narrative literature review

Abstract

Introduction: Superficial Oral Mucoceles (SOMs) are a variant of conventional mucoceles, characterized by mucus accumulation just beneath the epithelium, producing a superficial blister-like appearance. Some studies have reported their occurrence as an adverse effect of radiotherapy (RT) in the head and neck region. Objective: To investigate, through a review of the scientific literature, the occurrence of SOMs associated with RT in the head and neck area, emphasizing their etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, and importance in differential diagnosis. Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted in the PubMed, SciELO, and BVS databases using the DeCS/MeSH descriptors “Mucocele”/“Mucocele”, “Radioterapia”/“Radiotherapy”, and “Câncer de Cabeça e Pescoço”/“Head and Neck Neoplasms.” No temporal limits were applied. Full-text articles in Portuguese and English were included, while monographs, dissertations, theses, and studies on SOMs in other regions were excluded. Ten publications met the inclusion criteria. Results: SOMs related to RT appear to result from inflammatory processes and direct injury to minor salivary glands, associated with mucositis and increased salivary viscosity, favoring ductal rupture and mucus extravasation. They occur more often in middle-aged men, mainly affecting the soft palate, floor of the mouth, and buccal mucosa. Lesions usually develop during or within one month after RT and regress spontaneously. Diagnosis is clinical, and management conservative. The condition is likely underdiagnosed due to its subtle presentation and the scarcity of specific studies. Conclusions: Although rarely reported, SOMs may represent an adverse effect of RT in the head and neck region, highlighting the importance of clinical recognition to avoid unnecessary therapeutic interventions.

Keywords: Mucocele; Radiotherapy; Head and Neck Neoplasms.